The Treshhold

Physico-Environmental and Temporal Parameters for Tuna Catch Using Different Fishing Gears

Clarita Bidad, Jane Aquino, Ma. Dulce Guillena, Diove Tabiliran — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The study aimed to determine the Philippines’ annual catch of tuna from 1997- 2011using different fishing gears and its correlation to temperature, rainfall, chlorophyll-a. Data obtained were subjected to cluster analysis to find out the similarities in the tuna catch. Regression analysis was applied to determine the significant relationships between the catch using different gear types and the physico-chemical factors. Results revealed that handline had relatively high catch compared to purse seine and ringnet. The average rainfall was highest in 1999 and 2007 while lowest in 2005. The average temperature of 32°C was noted in 2005 and the lowest of 26°C in 1999. The high average chlorophyll-a of 0.48 mg/m³ was detected in 2011 while a low level of 0.26 mg/ m³ occurred in 1997. The annual tuna catch in cluster 1 was smaller than in cluster 2 and was highly obtained by handline. The computed t- values for temperature and rainfall showed negative correlation between tuna production. However, there was a positive correlation between tuna catch and chlorophyll-a level owing to the abundance of foods for tuna species. Fisher folks should continue using handline for fishing being a non-regulated gear . The LGU should formulate ban period for tunas and strictly impose regulations for fishing activities and the use of mesh nets.

Utilization of TI-84 Plus in Teaching Trigonometry

Patrick Galleto — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This study sought to find out the students’ skills in mathematical computation using TI-84 Plus in teaching Trigonometry among SPEC 101-Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry students of the College of Education of Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Main Campus, Dapitan City during the First Semester, 2012-13. Quasi-experimental design method of research utilizing the Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Group Design was used in the study. There were 48 and 47 students utilized as subjects of the study for the experimental and control groups, respectively. A teacher–made questionnaire was used to determine the pretest and posttest performance of the students in both groups. Both the control and experimental groups have comparable skills before the implementation was conducted. However, the experimental performed significantly skillful after the intervention was given. There was a significant variation in the students’ skills in mathematical computation between the control group with the traditional method of teaching and the experimental group with the use of TI-84 Plus in teaching and learning Trigonometry. Moreover, it was found out that both the interventions, traditional method of teaching and using TI-84 Plus in Trigonometry, made improvement in the students’ skills in mathematical computation. This indicated that students performed skillfully better during the posttest than during the pretest. However, students’ skills in mathematical computation in the experimental group were greatly influenced by the TI-84 Plus used by the teachers and students in the class. This concluded that students in the experimental group performed skillfully better than their counterpart.

Patterns in Frequency, Intensity and Geography of Tropical Cyclones in the Philippines: An Ex Post Facto Analysis for Disaster Risk Reduction

McNell Sabandal, Vincent Lapinig, Samson Mino — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This paper aims to analyze patterns in frequency, intensity and geographic landfalls of the various tropical cyclones recorded in the Philippines since the early 1960’s. The study made of use of the descriptive ex post facto design through analysis of historical records of major typhoons that hit the Philippines since 1960. Data were obtained from the freely-accessible information posted by PAG-ASA, the weather bureau of the Department of Science and Technology, on the internet. Results revealed that while there is substantial statistical evidence that major destructive typhoons are more often occurring in recent years than in the previous 5 decades in the Philippines, we find no indication that the intensities are getting stronger. The major typhoon intensities are still governed by some random mechanism whose probability distribution can be described as a mixture distribution. It is more probable for the more recent major typhoons to have maximum sustained winds exceeding 150 kph. Property damage and casualties are not correlated with typhoon intensities but are more probably more closely associated with the amount of rainfall and the consequent severe flooding and landslides triggered by the severe weather disturbance. Finally, there are two (2) major geographical “hotspots” noted in the analysis, namely, the western sea board of Luzon (Southern Luzon and the Bicol region) and Southern Philippines (Eastern Visayas and Northeastern Mindanao) which will be most frequently visited by these major natural disasters in the future.

A Polarity-Energy Food Chain Trophic Cascade Model: Implications to Fishery Management

Celso Almirol, Vincent Lapinig, McNell Sabandal, Niño Oraiz — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The paper develops a model that extends the classical Oksanen Polarity Theorem for simple food chains to accommodate the analyses of energy transfers from one trophic level to another. The Polarity-Energy Food Chain Trophic Cascade model developed is then used in the analysis of data obtained by researchers for sardines (Sardinella lemuru) and lake herring ( Coregonous artedii). Results revealed that for the sardine population in the east coast of Siberut Island, a stable logistic population growth is observed. These information means that population of this pelagic fish species increases (as a function of time n) until it reaches a stable population if left on its own based on the logistic growth hypothesis. However, over-predation by the top level consumer (over-fishing) can disrupt this approach to stability ( i.e. fishing intensity of δ > 14.5%) or if fish larvae are caught by very fine gill nets (i.e. causing a reduction in the value of r). Fishery closure during spawning period (September to October) up to March or April each year ensures sustainable catch for this fish species. On the other hand, for the population of lake herring in the Great Lakes displayed large fluctuations in both yield and effort. Data tend to support a growth rate r > 3.5 if a logistic growth model were used because of the observed chaotic fluctuations. This means that fishing has caused a decreased in fecundity (as reported) leading to a greater value of the growth rate r (ratio of average eggs per female to fecundity). Overall, the Polarity-Energy Food Chain Model developed supports temporary fishing ban or permanent identification of marine protected areas (MPA) to preserve the natural logistic growth patterns of economically-important fish species. In the former case, fishing is timed with the observed population periodicities while in the latter case, fishing can be allowed outside of the protected area which benefits from spill-over effects of the MPA.

Environmental Awareness and Health Assessment in Artisanal and Smallscale Gold Mining of Sibutad, Zambaonga del Norte: A Case Study

Ed Neil Maratas, Farida Saavedra, Carmela Liguid — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

Mining is considered as a complex and energy intensive industry as seen by the global insurance market. The complexity of the industry from the insurers’ perspective is based on the broad scope of loss potential or health risk. In this study the researchers determined the environmental awareness and health assessment in artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Libay, Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte. The result revealed that majority of the miners and ball mill operators were not totally aware of the health risks due to prolonged mercury exposure. It seems that most of the methods used by ball mill operators are hazardous to both the worker and the environment. Thus, there is a need to regulate the small-scale mining activities which may include licensing/registration and strict compliance of safety measure to small-scale mining. Miners and ball mill operators should be encouraged to submit themselves for blood sampling for mercury analysis

Recovery Time Models for Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters on Mindanao

McNell Sabandal, Milben Jumamil, Vincent Lapinig — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This study proposed to develop models for recovery periods for the survivors of both natural and anthropogenic disasters in Mindanao using the 2011-2012 typhoons as basis for the natural disaster component and the Lanao del Norte-Maguindanao massacre as illustrative cases for anthropogenic disasters. The process of recovery is gradual and it takes time to fully recover. The phenomenon can be modelled as Dose Response curve. Results revealed that the survivors in natural calamities can recover faster compared to survivors of man-made calamities. The latter survivors have to contend with personal and psychological issues that will take a longer healing process. On the other hand, survivors of natural calamities do not have any person to blame because the calamities are part of Nature and so acceptance is far easier for them. Physical rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure and community facilities form part of the healing process for the survivors of natural calamities. This is not the case for man-made disaster survivors. In a natural calamity, the recovery time of survivors will depend on the intensity of the disaster. In anthropogenic disasters, the recovery time of survivors will depend on the casualties. The rates of recovery are estimated using the logistic regression method while the odds of recovery after time (t) are computed from the regression results.

The Extent of Participation of Indigenous People (IP) to the Rainforestation Program: The Case of Mt. Malindang

Wilson Nabua, Ethyl Cataal, Nolnolo Nalug — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

People are the number one destroyers of the environment through earning a living. The government formulates different programs to protect the environment at the same time providing livelihood to the people. This study was conducted to look into the extent of participation of Mt. Malindang residents to the Rainforestation Program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. . The descriptive method of research was employed in the study. The data were gathered through an interview to the 92 respondents in 5 barangays under the Mount Malindang. The results revealed that majority of the direct beneficiaries of the program are the heads of the families who are less educated with an average income of not more than P3,000 a month. Nursery and tree growing activities were the major economic activities in the area which are mostly participated by men. Number of dependents, attendance in trainings and seminars, and membership in the organization were found to be correlated with the participation of the members to the rainforestation program. The respondents’ years occupancy, age, gender and income were found to have no correlation with their participation in the rainforestation program.

Citizens’ Involvement in Local Governance Processes: Its Influence to Organizational Culture and Climate

David Harold Pacatang — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

Citizens’ involvement is the key cornerstone of good governance. It makes governance transparent and its inherent accountability spread evenly among the players that directly participate in the governing process. Governance structures and demands are compelling government agencies to expand public consultations, implement participatory governance practices at the local level, encourage popular participation and develop new partnerships with civil society organizations. Considering the importance of citizen involvement in local governance processes, the study was conducted, primarily, to determine the level of involvement of the citizen group in the local governance process of Dipolog and Dapitan Cities as well as the selected municipalities of the province of Zamboanga del Norte and its influence on organizational culture and climate of the LGU’s. The preliminary results of the research showed that citizens group manifest positive involvement on the four aspects of governance, namely: administrative, social, economic and environmental. Citizens’ involvement in governance influences organizational culture and climate by their group as members operate to achieve their group task. The environmental governance is reflective of the type of organization, length of its existence, and number of members and no significant difference on the other three aspects of governance. A high correlation exists between governance and organizational climate and contrary to organizational culture. The conclusion can be drawn that as more citizens participate in governance, the more favorable their organizational culture and climate are developed.

Pre-University Educational Cycle and Quality of Education

Paterno Baguinat III, Joseph Salvel Campiseño, John Wayne Jacinto — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

Quality basic education is a key to producing capable human capital for the sustainability of intercontinental contest. Open TIMSS database that provides profile of 42 countries on various predictor-variables was analyzed using the Association and Cluster Analyses. A regression model was used to predict mean score. Mean score, the length of pre-school sub-cycle, total length of pre-university sub-cycle and literacy rate of a country are associated with each other. It was also found out that basic education plays a crucial role in physical, political, cultural and economic dimensions of a country. The focus therefore is on strengthening the capacities of the students to act progressively on their own behalf through the acquisition of relevant knowledge, useful skills and desirable attitudes, eventually helping to create for themselves and others, asylum of safety, security and healthy relations which could be actualized through a protracted pre-university education.

Situating JRMSU in Times Higher Education, Quacquarelli Symonds, and Academic Ranking of World Universities: Policy Direction for Internationalization

Paterno Baguinat III, Evelyn Campiseño — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

Defining targets and promoting a more distinctive profile and the idea of a highly ranked university to generate internal changes and transformation, including greater internationalization have been the core of advance relevant reforms in higher education area like Jose Rizal Memorial State University (JRMSU) System. Employing documentary analysis, this study determined the position of JRMSU System in university ranking using the indicators provided by the three famous ranking systems, namely: Times Higher Education, Quacquarelli Symonds, and Academic Ranking of World Universities. Findings generated a theory that “the Philippine value system is not very supportive of globalization”. Policy direction for internationalization was drawn to improve ranking.

Existence of Habal-habal Operators: Impact to the Franchised Motorcab Holders

Marvin Recapente — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This study aimed to determine the impact of habal-habal operators to the franchised Motorcab Holders in terms of vehicle ownership, family size, civil status, and daily income in Dipolog City in the year 2012. It involved 100 respondents who were identified as motorcab drivers.The results of the study revealed that majority of the legally franchised motorcab holders were affected in terms of their daily income. Most of them cannot easily take passengers because of the existence of habal-habal. The habal-habal operations were one of the reasons of the obstruction of the normal flow of traffic in the city of Dipolog that eventually led to traffic congestion. There is a significant difference on the extent of effect of habal-habal operators to the legally franchised motorcab holders in terms of family size and daily income. While there is no significant difference on the extent of effect of habal-habal operators to the legally franchised motorcab holders when analyzed as to vehicle ownership. The study recommends that the city government of Dipolog should implement the full swing of their traffic ordinance. The city government of Dipolog should take away the presence of habal-habal operators to avoid traffic congestion that would practically lead to traffic accidents. The habal-habal operators themselves should personally stop because they are competing with the legally franchised holders who are paying taxes to the city government. The PNP should make massive patrol operations to take away habal-habal operators in Dipolog City.

Level of Proficiency in English Communication of Freshmen College Students

Archer Campoy — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The study aimed to determine the level of proficiency in English communication among the freshmen college students of JRMSU Main Campus, Dapitan City during the second semester of School Year 2012-2013 and to produce a module in English 12- Communication Arts and Skills 2. The findings revealed that the freshmen students were similarly proficient in English communication with a of 2.69 in pronunciation; 2.67 in accentuation and 2.71 in fluency of ideas for oral communication. For written proficiency in English communication, the respondents obtained the average weighted value of 2.79 in grammatical structure; 2.90 in vocabulary and 2.95 in fluency of ideas. Further, high school graduated from, course taken, average grade in high school, SRA verbal ability and exposure to mass media influence students’ level of proficiency in both oral and written English communication. The important discovery postulates that gender relates to students’ level of proficiency in written, however, it does not influence in students’ oral communication.

Research Programs of State Universities and Colleges in the Philippines: An Analysis

Patrick Galleto, Arlene Baes, Rizza Bagalanon — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the country have responded in various ways to the call for a stronger research orientation among SUCs in response to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) policies and mandates that are largely geared towards the improvement of research productivity. Hence, the study was conducted to analyze and determine the indicators of research programs among (SUCs) in seventeen (17) regions in the Philippines. Descriptive correlational method of research with the aid of documentary analysis technique was used in the study. Data were taken from the Asset and Inventory Management, General Appropriation Act, SUCs Statistical Bulletin, and the Year-End Report of the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines (AACCUP) and were analyzed and interpreted using cluster and regression analyses. The study revealed that faculty profile, faculty-research ratio, SUCs with center of excellence/development, and SUCs programs with center of excellence/development regressed insignificantly on SUCs research programs while research services allocation and number of accredited programs of SUCs significantly influenced on SUCs research programs. Further, the study showed that the best performing regions were characterized as those which obtained relatively higher number of accredited programs, were higher in number of programs with center of excellence, and hired the most number of PhD/EdD, MS/MA, and faculty members. Hence, the paper theorizes that SUCs accredited programs, faculty profile, and programs with center of excellence are attributes of SUCs research programs which significantly depend on their research services and number of accredited programs.

Cost of Quality in Philippine Basic Education

Marilou Abatayo, Kris Mae Balorio, Joel Dagot — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This paper attempts to look into the cost of quality in Philippine Basic Education which is measured by the ratio of total budget appropriations and the ratings of the grade six pupils in the National Achievement Test. The data showed that the National Capital Region (NCR) which occupied the second highest budget appropriation in 2009 exhibited the most expensive education which amounted to P208M. Region 4A which accounted the highest appropriation among the seventeen regions manifested a quality cost of P207M. However, it is evident that least allocated regions such as Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), CARAGA and Region VIIIA showed low costs quality of education which amounted to P48M, P53M, and P94M respectively. The results suggest that the government’s highly budgeted regions for basic education in 2009 achieved low performances in the national achievement test in grade six pupils which resulted to high cost of education. However, most of the regions with low budget appropriations performed well in the said test and consequently have lower quality cost.

Is Poverty A Barrier to Quality Education?

Rowena Decena, McNell Sabandal, Dainel Linganay — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The paper looks into linkages between poverty and access to quality education at the basic education level. The published results of the National Achievement Test in 2009 were used as basis for analyzing these linkages. Analysis revealed that poverty stricken areas host both the top performing and worst performing schools. However, most of the worst performing schools had large class sizes and were situated in conflict areas in the country. Path analysis further confirmed the fact that income-deprivation (poverty) leads to high drop-out rates (or absenteeism) which in turn lead to poor learning at the basic education level. As to the issue at hand, poverty per se does not imply poor quality education but it does directly impact on factors that lead to poor educational outcomes. Reduction in class sizes is one of the four policy reforms that need to be seriously considered in the Philippine context.

Status of SUCS in Mindanao on PRC Exam: A Cluster Analysis

Evelyn Campiseño, Ed Neil Maratas — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The study aimed to determine which among the SUCs have similarities and commonalities in terms of average percentage on board examination results and identify variables that solely contribute the guarantee of higher chances in passing the board exam. The researchers used the data mining technique. Particularly, this study utilized the data sets from AIM Philippines with identified variables (number of faculty engaged in instruction, research, linkages, consultancy; number of faculty with MS, and Ph.D, number of degree programs and number of enrolment,) and from internet source (www.ched.gov.ph), total average percentage in PRC results of selected fourteen (14) SUCs in Mindanao during the SY 2011. After the organization of data, it underwent to Cluster Analysis with the aid of the MINITAB software. The performance of SUCs in Mindanao in terms of PRC result depends largely on the commitment of every faculty and the motivation of every administration. It is manifested that the more the institution aim on excellent performance of their graduates the more chances their graduates are highly motivated to pass the Board Exam. Therefore, it is necessary that SUC should submit their programs for accreditation on Center of Excellence and Center of Development towards quality higher education.

Variations in Regional National Achievement Tests: Fractal Analysis in the Philippine Context

Wilson Nabua, Fe Sharon Tubal, Ruth Juanillo, Dainel Linganay — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The pupils’ achievement level, strengths and weaknesses are measured in the National Achievement Test given annually to the Grade 3, grade 6 and fourth year students. This paper determined the variations in the 17 regions of the country of the NAT performance of the Grade six pupils using fractal dimensions. The data were taken from the Department of Education’s website. Only the 2009 data were available during data mining. Results revealed that all the five areas are rugged as indicated in the variabilities of more than 60%. The 17 regions in the country have big disparities from each other in the achievement test. Regions VIII and CARAGA were the top two while the ARMM and NCR were at the bottom.

Exploration of Causes of Poverty in Zamboanga del Norte

Elenita Reyna, Carina Romarate, Leonardo Cainta — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

Zamboanga Del Norte is a province of the northern portion of Zamboanga Peninsula – Region IX. This study aimed to explore the causes of poverty in the province. It delves into the identification of the root cause/s of poverty occurrence and evaluation of the effects of gross graduate, population density, per capita income and potential capacity to the poverty condition of Zamboanga del Norte. The data were obtained from the statistical profile of Zamboanga del Norte in terms of demographics, income and number of graduates. The data generated were subjected to cluster analysis to determine the effects of the four variables in the poverty incidence. Results revealed, that Zambonga del Norte has high literacy rate. A greater portion of its area is widely occupied by people rather than utilized for agriculture. Per capita income is low although potential capacity is quite high yet not causal to poverty alleviation of the province. In conclusion, the poverty incidence of Zamboanga del Norte is high because: 1) majority of the people has low per capita income with the limited opportunities to augment earnings, 2) economic potential of the biggest land area is not maximized for the total factor productivity because of the convergence of the population in the city that left many agricultural lands unproductive and 3) literacy is not translated to productivity because of the deteriorating quality of education and migration.

Students’ Personality Factors in Relation to Their Soft Skills

Corazon Ochotorena, Patrick Galleto — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

A concern facing education today in a global perspective is the variety of personality styles and soft skills. Personality is a phenomenal dynamic in nature and soft skills are the skills that students must have in order to excel at work in general. Hence, this study was conducted to look into the students’ personality factors in terms of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. It also aimed to determine the students’ soft skills in terms of decision-making, time management, delegating, multitasking, and problem solving. The study revealed that personality factors were much evident among the students and they were also much skillful in their soft skills. Moreover, students’ personality factors were significantly related to their soft skills. This recommends that the College of Education with its strong teaching force must continue to hold the responsibility to organize necessary programs based on feedback from basic education institutions. The implementation of personality factors and soft skills programs requires effort from all concerned as this program cannot be realized without the support from each and every College associates and students. It is the university’s mission to produce proficient graduates physically, emotionally, spiritually and intellectually.

Parent-Child Relationship and Personal Attributes of Students vis-à-vis Academic Performance

John Wayne Jacinto, Evelyn Campiseño — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This study aimed to find out the parent-child relationship and personal attributes in relation to the academic performance of college freshmen students in Jose Rizal Memorial State University System, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines for the second semester of SY 2012-2013. The descriptive-correlational method of research was used in the study with the aid of standardized questionnaires on parent-child relationship and self-concept. There were 358 respondents involved in the study. The study revealed that the respondents have moderate parent-child relationship in the dimensions like protecting, demanding, symbolic reward, and loving. On the other hand, they have a high parent-child relationship on symbolic punishment, rejection, object punishment, indifference, object reward and neglecting. The respondents have above average level of personal attributes. The respondents generally have good academic performance. With regard to the relationship between parent-child relationship and academic performance, it is only significant in the following dimensions: symbolic punishment, object punishment, demanding, symbolic reward, loving, object reward, and neglecting. The relationship between personal attributes and academic performance is only significant on temperamental and intellectual dimensions as well as on the combined personal attributes. The study does not imply that positive or negative perceptions towards parent-child relationship and clear or confusing personal attributes strongly entail good academic performance.

Human Development and Global Competitiveness of Countries Across the Globe: A Fractal Analysis

Rowena Decena, Fe Sharon Tubal, Kathyleen Fernandez — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This paper sought to determine the human development and global competitiveness of countries across the globe by employing a surrogate measurement of data roughness through fractal dimension. The data from the Human Development Index (2010-2012) and Global Competitiveness Index (2010-2012) were utilized to arise with accurate results. The changes in the fractal dimensions of HDI and GCI were treated over the period of 2010-2012 and measured through a fractal software. The findings revealed that these two variables have high fractal dimensions and do not have significant changes over time which indicates that the rank of countries in human development and global competitiveness remains static and if there is a change, it is pointedly insignificant.

Psycho–Social Responses to Disasters and Calamities: The Philippine Experience

Marilou Abatayo, Richly Tagbacaula, Krismae Balorio — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

In times of devastating phenomenon, people in affected areas are susceptible to emotions like helplessness, absence of faith, pride, self-centeredness, low self- esteem, lack of awareness, no organization and absence of sense of community. These negativity may inflict vast damages to people’s lives on the affected area. The purpose of this study was to look into the gaps in knowledge and attempted to form a cohesive framework in formulating schemes that would form a possible core for a disaster risks reduction program. Result showed that positive behaviors lessen the potential risks of devastating phenomenon to peoples’ lives. The positive factors like preparedness, active recipient of information; acting jointly in the face of disasters, that is, the sense to create a spirit of camaraderie among people in the community regardless of their economic status in life to work together on preventative measures; and to have strong faith in God suggest high rate of survival in times of extremely distressing situations. The feelings of positivity among individuals and the community against unusual phenomenon can definitely help mitigate the potential of risks during calamities.

Leadership Practices of Jail Warden in Relation to Inmates Reformation

Jouhvyn Campoy — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

This study aimed to determine the relationship of leadership practices of Jail Warden to the reformation of inmates in Dipolog City Jail and Dapitan City Jail in Zamboanga del Norte for the Fiscal Year 2012-2013. The study involved wardens, jail guards and the inmates from Dipolog City Jail and Dapitan City Jail. There were 237 respondents involved in the study. The results of the study revealed that oftentimes, the jail wardens organized their work from individual duties and responsibilities, to other assignments. Jail wardens were practicing right staffing patterns. Oftentimes, directing was observed by the respondent in Dapitan City but in Dipolog City, directing has been observable almost at all times. Controlling was always practiced in the city jail of Dipolog while this was often practiced in the city jail of Dapitan. Inmates have very high level of reformation according to the jail wardens, and the jail employee. There is no significant difference on the level of reformation of inmates when classified as to crimes committed. There is therefore a significant relationship between jail leadership practices and inmate reformation. The better leadership practices of jail wardens of the jail, the more reformation would there be for the inmates.

Tourism Industries: Their Perceived Influence on the Socio - Economic Development of the Twin Cities in Zamboanga del Norte

Li Bird Ballesteros — Mon, 30 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0200

The study aimed to determine the influence of tourism industry on the socio – economic development of the twin cities of Dipolog and Dapitan as perceived by the respondents of the two cities during the year 2009- 2010. The descriptive method was used with the aid of a questionnaire checklist. There were 350 respondents involved in the study. The statistical tools used were frequency count, percentage, mean computation, t-test and Pearson r Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation. The study showed that majority of the respondents is in college level. Greater part of the respondents have regular jobs and most of their income is low. Most of the tourism industries are restaurants. The percentage tax collection from tourism industries has not improved or developed so much in the City of Dapitan while a greater impact is made in Dipolog City. It was also revealed that the social, political, economic, cultural and spiritual dimensions of tourism industry influence the socio – economic development of the two cities.